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Introduction
In the middle of the 20th century, a nationwide movement for equal rights for
African Americans and for an end to racial segregation and exclusion arose
across the United States. This movement took many forms, and its participants
used a wide range of means to make their demands felt, including sit-ins,
boycotts, protest marches, freedom rides, and lobbying government officials for
legislative action. They faced opposition on many fronts and fell victim to
bombings and beatings, arrest and assassination. By the end of the 1960s, the
civil rights movement had brought about dramatic changes in the law and in
public practice, and had secured legal protection of rights and freedoms for
African Americans that would shape American life for decades to come.
The civil rights movement helped African Americans to win the rights that had
been taken from them for hundreds of years. The movement fighting for black
rights appeared in the 1950s, which was considered the most extensive
progression of rights fighting in history. Martin Luther was a monk in the Holy
Roman Empire. Luther had paved the way to question the church which
eventually led to the Protestant Reformation. His views on Christianity appealed
to many people, but they were a threat to the Roman Catholic Church, thus
causing much commotion throughout the countryside.
Western Europe went through a series of religious, social, and political changes
during the sixteenth-century. Luther felt that Christian belief must be based on
the word of God, tradition, and faith. He was convinced that salvation is a free
gift of God through faith. Luther stated, “the merciful God justifies us by faith”.
The success of the movement for African American civil rights across the South
in the 1960s has largely been credited to activists who adopted the strategy of
nonviolent protest.
Leader such as Martin Luther King, Jr., believed wholeheartedly in this
philosophy as a way of life, and studied how it had been used successfully by
Mahatma Gandhi to protest inequality in India. They tried to literally “love your
enemies” and practiced pacifism in all circumstances. But other activists were
reluctant to devote their lives to nonviolence, and instead saw it as simply a
tactic that could be used at marches and sit-ins to gain sympathy for their cause
and hopefully change the attitudes of those who physically attacked them. Many
interviewees in the Civil Rights History Project discuss their own personal
views of nonviolence and how they grappled with it in the face of the daily
threats to their lives.